Automation and Control Guides

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198 technical guides for choosing Automation and Control products: selection criteria, standards, common mistakes and frequently asked questions.

Altivar ATV12 Fault Codes: What Do OCF, ObF, OSF and nSt Mean? — What ATV12 codes OCF, ObF, OSF, OPF2, SCF and nSt mean, their likely cause, what to check and how to clear them, based on the official Schneider manual.
Altivar ATV320 Fault Codes: What Do OCF, ObF, OLF and nSt Mean? — What ATV320 codes OCF, ObF, OLF, PHF, SCF and nSt mean, their likely cause, first check and how to clear them, based on the official Schneider manual.
SINAMICS V20 Fault Codes: What Do F1, F2, F3 and A501 Mean? — What SINAMICS V20 F fault and A alarm codes mean, their likely cause, first check and how to clear them, based on the official Siemens instructions.
What Is a Stepper Motor Transformer? Types and Selection Criteria — A stepper motor transformer steps the 220 V mains down to the low AC voltage that AC-input stepper motor drives require.
What Is a Dishwasher Timer Relay? Types and Selection Criteria — A dishwasher timer relay runs the wash, pause and rinse steps of a commercial dishwasher in sequence with set times.
What Is a Modular Temperature Controller? Types and Selection Criteria — A modular temperature controller is mounted inside the panel, controls temperature with PID and connects to a PLC or operator panel over RS485 Modbus.
What Are Colour, Label and Fork Sensors? Special-Purpose Sensor Selection — Special-purpose sensors are made for a specific job: detecting the colour mark on packaging film, a transparent label, or metal passing through a fork gap.
What Is a High-Speed Counter and High-Speed I/O Module? Selection Criteria — A high-speed I/O module is a PLC module that counts encoder pulses normal inputs miss, or sends high-frequency pulses to stepper and servo drives.
What Is a Relay Board? Types and Selection Criteria — A relay board is a DIN rail board that isolates and boosts the low-current outputs of a PLC or controller through its relays, bringing several channels into one housing.
What Is a Liquid Level Electrode? Types and Selection Criteria — A liquid level electrode is a metal sensing probe hung by its cable into a tank that signals a liquid level relay when it touches a conductive liquid.
What Is a Star-Delta Timer Relay? Types and Selection Criteria — A star-delta timer relay is a control relay that times the changeover from the star contactor to the delta contactor during star-delta starting of a three-phase motor.
What Is a Float Switch? Types and Selection Criteria — A float switch is a cabled level switch that tilts with the liquid level to open and close a contact; it is used for tank filling, drainage and pump dry-run protection.
What Is an Analog Inductive Sensor? Types and Selection Criteria — An analog inductive sensor is a proximity sensor that measures the distance to a metal target without contact and gives a proportional voltage or current signal.
What Is an Industrial Gateway? Types and Selection Criteria — An industrial gateway translates the data of field devices using different interfaces or protocols, such as Modbus RTU on RS-485, and passes it to Ethernet and higher-level systems.
What Is a Wireless Communication Modem? Types and Selection Criteria — A wireless communication modem carries a control signal or serial data between points where cable cannot be run, over the GSM network or an RF/LoRa radio link.
What Is a Humidity and Temperature Transmitter? Types and Selection Criteria — A humidity and temperature transmitter measures the relative humidity and temperature of a space and converts them into an analog signal that a PLC, indicator or controller can read.
What Is a Voltmeter-Ammeter Pilot Light? Wiring and Selection Criteria — A voltmeter-ammeter pilot light is a panel door indicator in a 22 mm pilot light housing that shows voltage and, via a current transformer, current on an LED display.
What Is a Stepper Motor Drive? Types and Selection Criteria — A stepper motor drive is a power electronics device that converts pulse and direction signals from a PLC or motion card into regulated current for the motor windings.
What Is a Submersible Pump Control Relay? Types and Selection Criteria — A submersible pump control relay monitors the pump motor current and mains voltage and stops the motor on dry running, overload and voltage faults.
What Is a 90-Degree Metal Cylindrical Photoelectric Sensor? Types and Selection Criteria — A 90-degree metal cylindrical photoelectric sensor sends its light from the side of an M18 metal housing, perpendicular to its axis, instead of from the end.
What Is a Fiber Optic Amplifier? Types and Selection Criteria — A fiber optic amplifier is the fiber optic sensor unit that sends light into a sensor fiber cable, evaluates the returning light and switches an output at the set threshold.
What Is a Load Cell Module? Types and Selection Criteria — A load cell module excites a load cell, digitizes its millivolt-level signal and passes it to the PLC as a weight value.
What Is a Handheld Temperature Probe? Types and Selection Criteria — A handheld temperature probe is a sensor with a handle that is touched to or immersed at the measuring point and connected to a portable thermometer; it has a type K or PT100 element.
What Is an Off-Delay Timer Relay? Types and Selection Criteria — An off-delay timer relay is a timer relay that keeps its output contact energised for a set time after the supply or control signal is removed and then releases it.